Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced -cell apoptosis and accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins by human islet amyloid polypeptide

Huang C-j, Haataja L, Gurlo T, Butler AE, Wu X, Soeller WC, Butler PC. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced -cell apoptosis and accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins by human islet amyloid polypeptide. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293: E1656–E1662, 2007. First published October 2, 2007; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00318.2007.—The islet in type 2 diabetes is characterized by an 60% -cell deficit, increased -cell apoptosis, and islet amyloid derived from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Human IAPP (hIAPP) but not rodent IAPP (rIAPP) forms toxic oligomers and amyloid fibrils in an aqueous environment. We previously reported that overexpression of hIAPP in transgenic rats triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis in -cells. In the present study, we sought to establish whether the cytotoxic effects of hIAPP depend on its propensity to oligomerize, rather than as a consequence of protein overexpression. To accomplish this, we established a novel homozygous mouse model overexpressing rIAPP at a comparable expression rate and, on the same background, as a homozygous transgenic hIAPP mouse model previously reported to develop diabetes associated with -cell loss. We report that by 10 wk of age hIAPP mice develop diabetes with a deficit in -cell mass due to increased -cell apoptosis. The rIAPP transgenic mice counterparts do not develop diabetes or have decreased -cell mass. Both rIAPP and hIAPP transgenic mice have increased expression of BiP, but only hIAPP transgenic mice have elevated ER stress markers (X-box-binding protein-1, nuclear localized CCAAT/enhancer binding-protein homologous protein, active caspase-12, and accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins). These findings indicate that the -cell toxic effects of hIAPP depend on the propensity of IAPP to aggregate, but not on the consequence of protein overexpression.